Effects of vitamin D3 supplementation in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles fed diets high in plant based feedstuffs

Modern aquaculture feeds tend to contain lower levels of fish based ingredients, while increasing the content plant ingredients. However, this may alter vitamin profile feeds, leading unbalanced supply. Requirements for several vitamins have been established species such as carps and salmonids, but adequate gilthead sea bream are yet unknown. Vitamin D is mainly involved in Ca homeostasis by regulating uptake liberation from bone intervening remodeling. Fish unable synthesize so require absorbing it directly diet, thus, considered essential fish. A practical plant-based diet containing 10% meal 6% oil five D3 (0.15, 0.43, 0.50, 0.55 0.65 mg kg?1 or 5.8, 17.0, 20.0, 22.0 26.0 IU g?1) were formulated identify optimum seabream juveniles. Feeding juveniles with a range between 5.8 g?1 70 days did not markedly growth. Increase dietary significantly raised liver contents dose-dependent manner following potential regression. Increased up 11.6 reduce incidence skeletal anomalies, particularly caudal maxillary whereas further elevation increased concentration well anomalies association up-regulation alp bmp2 gene expression. The occurrence myocarditis signs fed 20.0 more denote toxic effects these levels. These results, together highest levels, suggest initial hypervitaminosis D. Thus, recommended level diets high ingredients was suggested be g?1.